Hora de reformar
Antonio de Aguiar PatriotaAadoção da Carta da ONU, em 1945, representou um marco histórico na busca da paz pela via da concertação multilateral. Com o fim do conflito mundial que provocou mais de 50 milhões de vítimas, os EUA e a URSS emergiram como as duas maiores potências. A Carta da ONU, negociada inicialmente entre EUA, URSS e Reino Unido, ainda durante a II Guerra Mundial, previa a criação de um Conselho de Segurança (CSNU) com 5 membros permanentes, incluindo também China e França.A ONU, que em sua concepção reunia 51 países, tem hoje 193 membros. O CSNU reúne, contudo, os mesmos 5 membros permanentes. Sua estrutura foi alterada apenas em 1965, com o aumento de assentos não permanentes de 6 para 10.Desde 1945, o mundo passou por importantes transformações. Além dos conflitos entre Estados e da proliferação de armas - em particular de destruição em massa - novos desafios surgiram, como o terrorismo e a ação de atores não estatais em conflitos internos. Enquanto isso, a distribuição mundial do poder econômico e da influência política passa por acelerada reconfiguração, com o surgimento de uma ordem multipolar.Ainda assim, o CSNU permanece congelado e revela sérias limitações para lidar com os problemas contemporâneos. Sua reforma é urgente e imprescindível.Já existe uma maioria favorável a um novo Conselho, com ampliação nas categorias de membros permanentes e não permanentes. O consenso será construído a partir da percepção crescente de que o mundo será mais estável e seguro com um sistema multilateral fortalecido...
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