Desigualdade social e preservação ambiental desafiam a china
Lucianne Carneirolucianne.carneiro@oglobo.com.brContribuição. Li Shi foi um dos acadêmicos nos debates para a formulação de reformas econômicas e sociais anunciadas pelo governo chinêsAlexandre CassianoA crescente desigualdade de renda, a instabilidade social, a sustentação do crescimento e a preservação do ambiente são os principais desafios da China, na avaliação de Li Shi, professor da Universidade Normal de Pequim. Li, participante das preparações para a Plenária do Partido Comunista, que anunciou reformas recentemente, esteve no Rio para participar de um seminário organizado em parceria pelo FGV/Ibre e pelo Instituto de Estudos da América Latina da Academia de Ciências Sociais da China.A China reduziu sua pobreza, mas também teve aumento da desigualdade. O que levou a isso?Nos últimos 30 anos, vimos grande redução de pobreza, principalmente rural. No início dos anos 80, tínhamos 250 milhões de pobres. No fim daquela década eram cem milhões. Hoje, são 30 milhões de pobres. Mas o crescimento da renda foi maior para os mais ricos, o que elevou à desigualdade. Para o governo, o importante era fazer o bolo crescer.Isso mudou?Percebeu-se que a desigualdade poderia gerar um problema social. Então lançaram medidas como busca da educação primária universal e da ampliação de cobertura de serviços médicos e programas de alívio da pobreza. Mas a magnitude e o efeito das medidas não são tão grandes.Há risco de a China cair na armadilha da renda média e não elevar a renda?Há muita discussão sobre o assunto. A China ainda deve levar dez anos para ser um país de renda elevada, se mantiver crescimento de 7%. Se compararmos com Brasil e Argentina, há riscos para a China, mas ainda há vantagens: manterá a urbanização, pode expandir o número de universitários, o setor de serviços ainda é pequeno e os novos direitos à terra...
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